Eco/365 Essay example - 628 Words

Supply and Demand simulation LaKeith A. Atkins Sr. ECO/365 February 28, 2013 Watson Ragin Supply and Demand simulation †¢ Identify two microeconomics and two macroeconomics principles or concepts from the simulation. Explain why you have categorized these principles or concepts as macroeconomic or microeconomic. Supply and demand was affected by decreasing the rent to lower the vacancy percentage and maximize revenue for the company. This process is considered a temporary fix on a month-to-month basis and a good example of microeconomics. Another example of microeconomics is when the new company came into town and increased the population along with jobs. The population and job increase suggest they increase rental rates in†¦show more content†¦This adjustment will continue until equilibrium is reached between the new demand curve and original supply curve. At the new equilibrium, the rental rate is higher than before, and the number of apartments demanded and supplied has increase (University of Phoenix, 2003). †¢ How may you apply what you learned about supply and demand from the simulation to your workplace or your understanding of a real-world product with which you are familiar? Supply and demand in my job market is based on attendance. Anytime we are expecting high attendance we order a higher volume of goods. When lower attendance we order a lower volume of goods even though the demand for the good may still be there. The attendance also affects the amount of employee we having working on any giving day. †¢ How do the concepts of microeconomics help you understand the factors that affect shifts in supply and demand on the equilibrium price and quantity? The supply and demand in microeconomics relies on competitors and the prices. The equilibrium is a point at which all the bidding is done. †¢ How do the concepts of macroeconomics help you understand the factors that affect shifts in supply and demand on the equilibrium price and quantity? Macroeconomics showed how the increase in jobs and population affects the increase or decrease on the apartments. Equilibrium rental rate is higher than before, and the number of apartments demanded and supplied has increase †¢ Relating to the simulation,Show MoreRelatedEco/365651 Words   |  3 PagesWhat is an externality? Provide at least three examples. How does one of the examples you provided affect the market outcome? What is the role of government in addressing the implications of an externality you provided as an example? Is it possible that a government’s solution to a market failure would worsen the failure? Explain your answer. Externality is defined as an effect of a decision on a third party not taken into account by the decision maker. There are two types of externalities beingRead MoreEco 3653142 Words   |  13 PagesCourse Design Guide School of Business ECO/365 Version 4 Principles of Microeconomics Copyright  © 2011, 2008, 2007, 2006 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course provides students with the basic theories, concepts, terminology, and uses of microeconomics. Students learn practical applications for microeconomics in their personal and professional lives through assimilation of fundamental concepts and analysis of actual economic events. Policies Read MoreEco 365 Final1137 Words   |  5 PagesFinal Exam University of Phoenix ECO/365 Question One    What is the most important determinant of price elasticity of demand? Why is this so?    Price elasticity that relates to demand is determined by many factors. Price elasticity is measured by the change in price and the response from consumer demand. The demand of a good or service will vary the price in the item. The most important factor to determine the price elasticity of demand is necessity. If a good is a necessity, theRead MoreStudy Guide Eco/3652084 Words   |  9 PagesECO/365 Final Examination Study Guide This study guide prepares you for the Final Examination you complete in the last week of the course. It contains practice questions, which are related to each week’s objectives. Highlight the correct response, and then refer to the answer key at the end of this Study Guide to check your answers. Use each week’s questions as a self-test at the start of a new week to reflect on the previous week’s concepts. When you come across concepts that you are unfamiliarRead Moreeco 365 week syllabus1755 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿ Syllabus School of Business ECO/365 Version 4 Principles of Microeconomics Copyright  © 2011, 2008, 2007, 2006 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course provides students with the basic theories, concepts, terminology, and uses of microeconomics. Students learn practical applications for microeconomics in their personal and professional lives through assimilation of fundamental concepts and analysis of actual economic events. Policies FacultyRead Moreeco/365 week 2 individual1293 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Supply and Demand Simulation ECO 365 Supply and Demand Simulation The Supply and Demand simulation was reviewed on the student website demonstrated the concepts of the concepts of microeconomics and macroeconomics. The principles of microeconomics and macroeconomics were explained and applied throughout the simulation demonstrate the rationale for the shifts in the supply and demand curve. Each shift is analyzed showing the effects of the equilibriumRead MoreEssay about Eco/365 Supply and Demand863 Words   |  4 PagesSupply and Demand ECO/365 Supply and Demand The economy is run by the concept of supply and demand. The simulation provided a practical learning experience that brings together the concept of micro and macro economics. I will try to summarize my findings and the inner workings of the concept of supply and demand that the simulation offered. Economics is defined as â€Å"the study of how human beings coordinate their wants and desires, given the decision-making mechanisms, socialRead MoreSupply Demand Paper Eco/3651105 Words   |  5 PagesSupply and Demand Simulation University of Phoenix May 9, 2013 ECO/365 - Principles of Microeconomics The Supply and Demand Simulation consist of microeconomics and macroeconomics concepts. The concepts are explained and how they apply to the principle of microeconomics and macroeconomics. The simulations presents shifts in the supply and demand curve, the rationale for the shift is given. Each shift is analyzed showing the effects of the equilibrium price, quantity, and decision makingRead MoreEco 365 Supply Demand Paper1082 Words   |  5 PagesSupply amp; Demand Simulation Erica Bradford ECO/365 June 19, 2013 Jeremy Alessandro Supply amp; Demand Simulation Goodlife Management is the sole provider of apartments available for rent in the city of Atlantis in which the supply and demand simulation provided by UPOX takes place. The simulation provides excellent, real-life examples of how the supply and demand curves may shift based upon various factors that occur within the market in Atlantis. The following details such examples asRead MoreKudler Fine Food- Eco 365 Essay1106 Words   |  5 PagesDifferentiating Between Market Structures in Kudler ECO 365/ Lisa Messemer Sharonda Shelton July 23, 2012 Kudler Foods specializes in providing unique and high quality ingredients for the gourmet chef. In an effort to increase profits, the company is interested in adding catering to its service offerings. The

Conviction Offense and Prison Violence Free Essays

Conviction offense and prison violence The study of the above statement by John Sorensen and mark D. Cunningham reveals that the disciplinary data done in 2003, involving 51,527 inmates who were serving sentences in the department of corrections of Florida and of the 51,527 involved to generate that data, 9,586 were homicide convicts charged on different degrees of homicide. The homicide convicts were amongst those researched on in respect to their involvement in prison violence and misconducts. We will write a custom essay sample on Conviction Offense and Prison Violence or any similar topic only for you Order Now Previous misconducts related to discipline and other forms of violence reported by the numbers of inmates present at the time of the evaluation which was 14,088 and a class of inmates who are kept under strict and direct supervision, of which they were 4,113 in total, were also considered. The preference and prevalence of violence in prisons reduced as the seriousness of the crime under which the inmate was sentenced increases. The study revealed that close custody inmates were not involved in or have had anything to do with the violence that erupts in the facilities in which they are located. Moreover, some negative regression models used to evaluate this observation shows that â€Å"serious† convicted offenders are less involved in prison violence than their colleagues who have been convicted of way less charges. The â€Å"three strike laws† provides the law courts with the power to impose harsher judgments and more severe punishments if a person is convicted more than three times with the degrees of the charges increasing. The laws however, limit the punishment to life imprisonment. In another study related to this, it was found that correctional facilities experienced more cases of institutional misbehaviors than those facilities that are meant for confinement with no correctional intentions. Actual figures from the study shows that inmates in confinement facilities are less likely to be involved in any form of institutional misconducts than their counterparts in correctional facilities where most cases of these misconducts are reported and on a regular basis. This study can see an increase of officers in this correctional facilities and more tough rules on prison discipline inside correctional facilities. Violent girls or relabeled status offenders? Feld Barry C in his work about whether convicted girls should be addressed as violent girls or should be relabeled as status offenders who in most cases usually refers the offences that minors commit reveals that the government who are the policy makers and the juvenile justice system has expressed their worries about the rising number of young girls being arrester over â€Å"petty† issues. Other interested parties in this issues have seen that the cause of the arrests to be the following; ? Due to the fact that the public is â€Å"tired† of the bad behaviors exhibited by these girls leading to their regular arrests. ? Increased monitoring of home related violence in which the girls are the most adversely affected group and which can result in behavior change on the part of the girl. Policy change in the juvenile justice system and also the changes in the way parents go about with their parenting of the girl child. The author is for the idea that there should not be institutionalization of these status offenders which is reflected in the policy changing of the juvenile justice and delinquencies prevention act -deinstitutionalization encourages that minor offenders be referred to as delinquents so as to make those institutions where these â€Å"proving difficult to deal with† are confined. The author goes ahead to analyze data on the pattern of arrest and the confinement records for both and girls who are termed to be violent and have been charged following simple and aggravated acts, questioning that the fluctuating figures in number of victims and the rate differences, and the confinement of these violent girls and boys agrees to a different manner of the increase in girls violence that moves together with the thesis that explains social construction. In a different study but on the same issue of the girl rehabilitation programs, one program named multi-systemic therapy has been a success because it provides a holistic manner where a team from the state or government work together with the parents of the affected girls and in the process tries to change the parent’s behavior. This is usually done where parental activities have been found to be a cause for the girl’s behavior change and therefore influences negatively on the child’s growth and development. The team working with the parents also goes to the extent of going to the schools and evaluating if the child is responding positively to the whole program. The only real problem and hence a constraint of this very effective program is the cost, it’s too expensive and many parents cannot afford it. The study also reveals that non-specific gender programs works more effectively than gender specific programs. However, the study also shows that programs that are gender specific have positive effects in certain areas that include; improved relationship with family members, employment, education and other psychological social outcomes. How to cite Conviction Offense and Prison Violence, Essay examples

Leading Dtrategies to Identify Theory

Question: Discuss about the Leading Dtrategies to Identify Theory. Answer: Introduction: A successful university looks at the long haul objectives while recruiting students. Moreover, the information identified should help build a strong long term relationship with the prospective students. So, in a recruitment process, a recruiter would have the academic results in mind as well as the age, availability, goals, interests and the financial capabilities (Collins 2017). Using the performance index set by the institution, a recruiter can determine the students that the university desires based on their academic, athletic or talent performance. High-quality students would be determined by their performance, the first major set in the recruitment process. In addition to this, the recruiter would then analyse the data to merge the goals of the institution with those of the recruits. From the age, goals and interests, a recruiter can determine the objectives held by the student. Personal objectives can then determine the overall value of the students, this because a student may have all the necessary credentials but have a negative performance in a given institution as his goals do not align with those of the chosen institution. Furthermore, this information will also determine the area of study desired by the student. In Now, multiple areas of specialisation for instance in an academic institution are a good recruitment strategy that can guarantee high end, quality students are obtained (Blackboard 2014). Moreover, a recruiter would know the support needed by each student, from financial capabilities to physical challenges based on the extra no academic information. This information is valuable in identifying the role played by the uni versity in helping the students achieve their goals. Finally, it is through this overall, analysed information that a recruiter would identify the best students with the best qualities to meet the institutions objectives. Describe the five forces in Porters competitive forces model and explain how the internet has affected each one Porters five forces model is a business strategic tool used to identify the power held by a business. In essence, this model helps identify the strengths of competitors and the value of the position intended by a business (Entrepreneur 2015). Lately, this tool has seen drastic changes owing to the World Wide Web and now occurs in a more dynamic world than when it was originally set by Michael Porter in 1979. One of these forces is competition, competition has changed with the introduction of digital business. New businesses leveraging on new design platforms are cropping up each day, this has seen many businesses go bankrupt or merged to survive (Evans 2015). Secondly, the bargaining power of both buyer and suppliers has increased because of the transparency is seen in the pricing. Moreover, suppliers are able to form many new partnerships accelerated by similar digital models. On the other hand, buyers have instant access to information and can determine the best source of products, hence have an increased bargaining power. Thirdly, consider the threat of substitutes imposed by the different products and services available. Digital business has brought many substitutes to the older and traditional businesses, for instance, taxi services can now be met by a combination of digital platform and the taxis themselves (Uber and the Uber drivers) (Ness 2008). Such combinations in business have lowered the barriers to entry in business the fourth aspect of the five force model. In essence, today's businesses are able to compete in a virtual world where the room of expansion is much larger than the physical world. Finally, with the improved resou rce accessibility comes renewed and enforced competition. This competition has fuelled the rivalry between existing competitors catalysed by the emerging competition. Differentiate between data warehouses and data marts. Describe a few of characteristics of a data warehouse Data warehouses are analytic solutions to existing problems of redundant information. They use an integration of diverse as well as redundant data to offer conclusive decisions. Furthermore, data warehouses are relational databases that are designed to analyse strategic information. Data marts, on the other hand, are decision support systems that use subjective approach to analyse information. In essence, data marts are a subset of an organisation data that deal with a specific department or specific events (Firestone 1997). Moreover, data marts are created with a specific purpose in mind, for instance, measuring the performance of a new product. They may also hold large amounts of data but will always have lesser data as compared to data warehouses within the same organisation. Data warehouses are an efficient way to meet the needs for decision support systems (DSS). DSS systems are then used by big organisations to make decisions that offer the best outcomes. Data warehouses help extract information from mass and heterogeneous data sources, for this, they are subject oriented focusing on specific aspects of information. Secondly, they are integrated as they simplify analytics from a long range of information gathered from different (heterogeneous) sources. In addition to this, data warehouses are time variant which means their viability and significance depends on time and may change with it. Finally, data stored in a warehouse is always non-volatile as its never updated on time but is updated by an organisations operational systems. Therefore, data added to a given data warehouse is done to supplement the operations of the data rather than to replace it (Inmon 2002). Discuss the strategic benefits of BI systems Businesses seeking competitive advantage over their rivals must understand the information they generate while conducting business. Information ranging from the sales they make, expenditure costs and even number of employees must be strategically analysed to make the best decision (Guarda, Santos, Pinto, Augusto Silva 2013). Business intelligence offers innovative ideas in terms of technology to boost information analysis and decision-making processes. Many benefits are associated with BI systems, more so in decision making where many businesses fail, consider the following benefits. One, reduced overall labour costs, with BI systems the time spent producing an organisations report is eliminated. Instead of manual input, they simplify the system by automating these processes i.e. from data collection to analysis. Two, it eliminates guess work and in its place offers quick business responses. BI provides accurate and updated information that is usually based on real time data. This information is then used to forecast future solutions for the business, helping it meet its objectives. Moreover, it is through BI systems that a company can learn about its customers behaviour. Customer behaviour affects the decisions made by customers and therefore, a business can align its products to suit a certain behaviour hence maximise its performance. Finally, BI systems eliminate the information bottleneck experienced by end users who are forced to wait on the expert analyst to obtain an organisation information. BI systems will allow authorised users to access information and even allow them to turn it into actionable data used to make specific, subject oriented decisions (Goewey 2015). Why are authentication and authorisation important to e-commerce? E-commerce is the commercial or business transactions that occur over the internet e.g. buying goods online, transfer of money etc. Unlike normal business transactions where you exchange money (physical) for the good and where control is exhibited, the internet present a completely different environment. First, the internet is an open network that anybody can connect to at any given time or place. Furthermore, people have different intentions while engaging in online activities, for instance, some do so for the sole purpose of stealing (Wills 2014). Authentication and authorization offer security measures to safeguard innocent individuals engaging in genuine transactions. Authentication provides the necessary credentials to prove the identity of the individuals involved, this because most e-commerce transactions occur with parties who are unable to see each other. Furthermore, the person on one side of a said transaction is unknown to the other, therefore authentication offers the necessary identification procedures or protocols to prove the authenticity of the person involved in a transaction. Authorization, on the other hand, provides the limits or permissions that a certain entity has to access certain resources (Kabay 2002). Authorization allows the correct and verified parties to conduct business without interference from third party members. Both authentication and authorization enforce important encryption features such as non-repudiation and data integrity. These trust related features ensure the correct data is transferred from one party to another and also ensures the data reaches its destination unaltered by other parties over the internet. Finally, both authentication and authorization provide the leery public with the confidence to conduct online transactions. E-commerce is such a success because of the convenience it offers and the number of people who use it. Encryption technologies that encapsulate these two security features ensure user communicate securely with different merchants over the internet. List 3 Web 2.0 social networking tools and describe how you would use each for marketing your products Web 2.0 is the greater advancement of online technology as seen today where as compared to the original days of the web/the internet. The current system is seen to have more collaborations, interactivity, persuasiveness and connectivity. E-commerce is highly prevalent today which has led to e-marketing especially under social media platforms, where a high influence is seen because of the user numbers. Moreover, its estimated that many people spend time on social media sites as compared to any other form human activity (Ferlazzo 2012). Below are some of these social networking tools used today. Twitter Its membership includes celebrities, politicians, news networks among other individuals, in essence, it has members in all aspects of life. Twitter through its design is able to act as a small micro-blogging site where members update their followers. These updates known as tweets can be business products that can instantaneously be seen by millions of customers based on the followers one has at a particular time. Blog sites blog sites such as Edublogs provide businesses with a quick platform to showcase products and provide detailed information to customers in a more social environment. A business can market their product freely without using the formal restriction seen in formal advertisements or websites. Moreover, the products can be evaluated by the customers who are able to leave instant feedbacks Facebook Facebook is one of the best social media platforms to market a companys product especially those meant for young people. To date, its still associated with the young and allows users to share pictures, videos and other items relevant to a business. Furthermore, a business can pay for Facebook adverts at a pay per click procedure, this can increase the accessibility of the said adverts and product. Discuss the major limitations of e-commerce. Which of these limitations are likely to disappear? Why? E-commerce offers many benefits to both the customers and service providers. However, there are some limitations that are experienced when dealing with this form of business, some of which are technical while others are non-technical. Technically, the biggest drawback of e-commerce is security, where systems used are unreliable and lack the necessary specifications to offer good security measures. Moreover, technology is still evolving and with each security, protocol comes a way to break it. Secondly, special web servers are needed to set up e-commerce infrastructure which is sometimes difficult to integrate with the current, existing systems. Far from these technical limitations are the non-technical limitations, some of which can be easily rectified if well managed. The tax issue is still a big limitation in e-commerce, this because buyers and sellers of online goods are sometimes situated in different countries which have different taxation laws. In the end, the business transactions may have to account for extra computations owing to the different taxation laws. Secondly, we have fear, fear exhibited by the user of the internet who in some cases fear to conduct business with organisations which lack a physical presence. Moreover, product suitability affects the purchases made as some delivered products greatly differ from the delivered products (Money matters 2017). Tax issues are limitations that can easily disappear with the implementation of international taxation laws. Furthermore, these laws can cover only e-commerce transactions to maintain the jurisdiction held by individual countries. Fear of conducting online business will slowly disappear as seen today where more people are engaged in e-commerce than in the past. People now trust these transactions owing to their success, efficiency and convenience. Moreover, there are proper security measures to protect one's online assets. Describe the benefits of integrated accounting software packages Every business experiencing a high growth rate and a high customer expansion rate encounters many difficult decisions. These decisions either make or break the business based on their outcomes. Employing proper, strategic planning techniques coupled by integrated business software systems helps accelerate the speed to reach the set goals. Accounting software packages are a good example of these integrated systems which help make financial decisions e.g. employee salaries and expenditure costs. Speed is the first major benefits associated with these integrated systems. Automated packages that perform invoicing duties make the accounting processes fast and efficient. Moreover, they facilitate higher workloads where entire departments are evaluated at a single instance. On top of this, computerised systems minimise errors associated with the accounting process. Users are only required to enter information and set the regulating parameters such as percentage or fractions while the software packages do the rest. In itself, this automation reduces confusion on the end result of the overall computations. Speaking of the end results, these systems also enable users to produce accurate reports, reports that can run different comparison algorithms based on a companys performance. Finally, consider the organisation and accessibility offered by these software packages. Humans are prone to errors and can easily lose a physical spreadsheet having a businesss accounts. However, with mode rn storage solutions, a business can have multiple back-ups to a single accounting document, properly organised within the companys infrastructure (Shanker 2017). Explain why web-based customer interaction centres are critical for successful CRM Systems Many companies today try to engage with their customers through interactive CRM systems, these interactive CRM systems are implemented through multiple communication channels, for instance, call centres and web applications. The general objective of these systems is to understand the customer preference and therefore, customise the products to fit the needs of these customers. In addition to this, CRM systems are now facilitated by customer interaction centres (CIC), centres that solely focus on the needs of the customers. Web-based CICs enable a one on one interaction with the customers while offering the advantage of confidentiality. Customers feel safe to offer their own opinion which is unsolicited by the parties involved. Furthermore, many people spend most of their time online as compared to any other aspects of CIC systems. In fact, its easier to obtain accurate feedback from customers online as compared to face to face interviews or even telephone reviews. In addition to this, web based CICs are cheaper as the medium used is already available (internet) and all that is needed is access to it. Finally, web based CIC are an automated way for a business to have customer interactions. Technology today calls for automated systems, systems that run on immediate command, free of human involvement, therefore web based CIC are critical as they offer the conveniences seen in automated systems (Urbanski Bzdyra 2016). Explain the important role that information systems play in supporting a supply chain Strategy Information technology is seen as a mandatory requirement to control the modern chain of supply. These supply chains are highly complex as they contain different independent companies that make up the diverse multileveled networks of systems. Furthermore, different supplier exists for different services or products which mean, a unique distinguishing factor is needed to beat the competition. Information systems (IS) provide companies with the necessary competitive advantage by providing access to special supply resources. Supply logistics and operations are always under pressure owing to the changing market conditions that must meet the customers demands. IS can easily manage these operations based on the information they have with and the set rules provided. Moreover, these systems are able to forecast future supply proceeding which helps a company make better supply decisions. In addition to this, Importers, as well as exporters, are required to have an accurate account of all their products. IS systems facilitate tracking and monitoring operations which help to serve different clients across the globe. In essence, information systems serve as a complementary product that helps improve the strategic proceeding of a companys supply chain. Their role in supply chain management can be grouped into three major categories; planning and collaboration, tracking and delivery, and transaction operations. In transaction operations, IS systems maintain accurate records of repetitive transaction. Demand forecast, production capacity and supply efficiency are the sole purpose of planning and collaboration. Finally, tracking and monitoring ensures the security of the products and ensures coordinated deliveries are made on time (Operations IT Articles 2012). References Blackboard, 2016, Four leading strategies to identify, attract, engage, and enrol the right students, Available from: https://www.blackboard.com/sites/student-services/assets/pdf/white-marketing.pdf [16 January 2017] Collins. M, 2016, Best Practices for College Recruiting, National Association of Colleges and Employers, Available from: https://www.naceweb.org/knowledge/recruiting/college-best-practices.aspx [16 January 2017] Evans. D. N, 2015, How digital business disrupts the five forces of industry competition, Computer world, Available from: https://www.computerworld.com/article/2976572/emerging-technology/digital-disruption-from-the-perspective-of-porters-five-forces-framework.html [16 January 2017] Firestone. J. M, 1997, Data Warehouses and Data Marts: A Dynamic View, Executive information systems, Available from: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/185b/db2f22505da4da6b35767a0386e3f02fd93e.pdf [16 January 2017] Goewey. B, 2015, The 10 Most Important Benefits of Business Intelligence, data mensional, Available from: https://www.datamensional.com/the-10-most-important-benefits-of-business-intelligence/ [16 January 2017] Guarda. T, Santos. M, Pinto. F, Augusto. M, Silva.C, 2013, Business Intelligence as a Competitive Advantage for SMEs, International Journal of Trade Economics and Finance, 4(4), Available from: https://www.ijtef.org/papers/283-B00018.pdf [16 January 2017] Inmon. W. H, 2002, Building the Data Warehouse, Wiley computer publishing, Available from: https://fit.hcmute.edu.vn/Resources/Docs/SubDomain/fit/ThayTuan/DataWH/Bulding%20the%20Data%20Warehouse%204%20Edition.pdf [16 January 2017] Kabay. M.E, 2002, Identification, Authentication and Authorization on the World Wide Web, Available from: https://www.windowsecurity.com/whitepapers/websecurity/WWW_Security/Identification_Authentication_and_Authorization_on_the_World_Wide_Web.html [16 January 2017] Mata. J. F, Quesada A, 2014, Web 2.0, Social Networks and E-commerce as Marketing Tools, Journal of theoretical and applied electronic commerce research, Available from: https://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttextpid=S0718-18762014000100006 [16 January 2017] Money matters, 2017, Limitations or Disadvantages of Electronic Commerce, Available from: https://accountlearning.com/limitations-or-disadvantages-of-electronic-commerce/ [16 January 2017] Ness. G, 2008, Porters Five Forces In The Internet Age, Available from: https://www.sundoginteractive.com/blog/porters-five-forces-in-the-internet-age [16 January 2017] Operations IT Articles, 2012, Role of Information Technology in Supply Chain Optimization, Mbaskool, Available from: https://www.mbaskool.com/business-articles/operations/2083-role-of-information-technology-in-supply-chain-optimization.html [16 January 2017] Shanker. S, 2017, The Advantages of Using an Accounting Software Package for Invoices, Chron, Available from: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-using-accounting-software-package-invoices-3822.html [16 January 2017] Urbanski. R Bzdyra. K, 2016, Cloud computing customer relationship management for small and medium enterprises, Koszalin University of Technology, Available from: https://mit.weii.tu.koszalin.pl/MIT8/Modele%20inzynierii%20teleinformatyki%208_22%20Urbanski%20Bzdyra.pdf [16 January 2017] Wills. T, 2014, Why are authentication and authorization important in e-commerce? Quora, Available from: https://www.quora.com/Why-are-authentication-and-authorization-important-in-e-commerce [16 January 2017]

The Legend of Sleepy Hollow Essay and Study Ideas

'The Legend of Sleepy Hollow' Essay and Study Ideas The Legend of Sleepy Hollow tells the fictional story of Ichabod Crane, a schoolteacher who competes with another suitor for the hand of Katrina Van Tassel. However, instead of getting the girl, Crane ends up experiencing a very strange and spooky event. Written by Washington Irving, the short story was first published in 1820 and continues to be a popular Halloween tale today, especially because it includes a ghost story about a mysterious headless horseman.   A short piece of gothic literature filled with pranks and humor, The Legend of Sleepy Hollow is one of Irvings most enduring works. While the story prompts scares and laughs, it also warrants discussion and literary analysis. Here are a few questions about The Legend of Sleepy Hollow that you can use for study or conversation.   Essay and Discussion Ideas What is important about the title?What are the conflicts found throughout the story?  How does Irving reveal character?What are some of the themes? How do they relate to the plot and characters?Is Ichabod Crane consistent in his actions? Is he a fully developed character? Why?Do you find the characters likable? Are the characters persons you would want to meet?Discuss some of the symbols in the story.Compare The Devil and Tom Walker with The Legend of Sleepy Hollow. What is similar and what is different in terms of plot, storytelling, and themes?What is the primary purpose of the story? Do you find the purpose important or meaningful?How essential is the setting to the story? Could the story have taken place anywhere else? Does the setting represent or allude something?What supernatural or surprising events are employed by Washington Irving? Do you find these happenings believable?What is the role of women?  Does the story end the way you expected? Why?Would you recommend the sto ry to a friend? Would you read other works by Washington Irving based on your reading of this story?

1. Moral hazard is a form of information asymmetry Essays

1. Moral hazard is a form of information asymmetry Essays 1. Moral hazard is a form of information asymmetry when one decision-making agent takes more risky decisions because another decision-making agent bears the costs of the additional risk. An example in healthcare is medical insurance. If a person is well covered by a medical insurance, she knows that her healthcare costs will be covered by the insurer, therefore she has higher incentive to engage in risky lifestyle, habits and health practices, since the consequent healthcare expenses will be borne by the insurer. This additional risk caused by one agent is borne by another agent. 2. The concept of adverse selection arises when either buyer or seller has lack of information regarding the product in concern this leads to one side with inflormation making use of the other side with lack on information. Like in insurance if we know that our car is going to be used as ataxi and eill be travelling the high end mountains so the chances of it getting hurt is much more so the company must charge high premiums from such people but they cant because of lack of information 3. STRENGTHS/PROS OF GDP GDP provides a better analysis or measure of economy activity through its growth rate and changes in an economy than any other existing measure. It summarizes a whole range of economic information in and determines the comparative strengths and weaknesses of various sectors. GDP helps policy-makers and analysts to easily guide, adjust and implement economic policy. GDP serve as accurate barometer of the business climate, where it provides the government and business useful information to adjust in different kinds of contingency problems like recession and depression. GDP serve as a simple proxy for social and economic welfare. GDP is widely used in different parts of the world that give economist studies in comparing countries. WEAKNESSES/CONS OF GDP GDP does not include non-market activities. These activities are based on production and consumption that occur outside the market economy that does not have a price attached like unpaid house workers, volunteer work, barter and the illegal drug trade. GNP does not include domestic household products or black market. GNP does not consider how the wealth of a nation is distributed equally. For example GDP provides an estimate of each person share of the market economy but in reality some people share of the economy is greater than others. This level of unequal distribution of incomes and consumption and the incidence of poverty cannot be determined by tracking the GDP. Some GDP measured expenditures do not contribute to Economic Welfare. It does not account for any welfare loss or any negative events that results from an event such as a natural disaster environmental cleanup or reconstruction effort contributes to welfare and the GDP. 4. c 5. 6. 7. 8. c 9. b 10. b 11.

DEET Chemistry (Dimethyltoluamide)

DEET Chemistry (Dimethyltoluamide) If you live in an area with biting insects you have almost certainly encountered an insect repellent that uses DEET as its active ingredient. The chemical formula for DEET is N,N-diethyl-3-methyl-benzamide (N,N-dimethyl-m-toluamide). DEET was patented by the U.S. Army in 1946 for use in areas with heavy biting insect infestation. It is a broad-spectrum repellent that is effective against mosquitoes, flies, fleas, chiggers, and ticks. DEET has a good safety record and is less toxic to birds and other mammals than many other insect repellents, but all DEET products should be handled with care. DEET Safety DEET is absorbed through the skin, so it is important to use as low a concentration as is effective (10% or less for children) and as small an amount as is necessary. Up to a certain point, protection against insects increases with higher DEET concentration, but even low concentrations will protect against most bites. Some people experience irritation or an allergic reaction to DEET-containing products. DEET is toxic and potentially fatal if swallowed, so care should be taken to avoid applying repellent to hands or face or anything a child might put in the mouth. DEET should not be applied to areas with cuts or sores or around the eyes, since permanent eye damage can result from contact. High doses or long-term exposure to DEET have been associated with neurological damage. DEET can damage some plastics and synthetic fabrics, such as nylon and acetate, so be careful not to damage clothing or camping equipment. How DEET Works Biting insects use chemical, visual, and thermal cues to locate hosts. DEET is believed to work by blocking the chemical receptors for carbon dioxide and lactic acid, two of the substances released by our bodies that serve as attractants. Although DEET helps keep insects from locating people, there is probably more involved in DEETs effectiveness, since mosquitoes wont bite DEET-treated skin. However, skin only a few centimeters away from DEET is susceptible to bites. Recommendations for Using DEET Despite its hazards, DEET remains one of the safest and most effective insect repellents available. Here are some tips for using DEET safely: Reduce your need for repellent. Avoid behaviors that will attract biting insects (e.g., avoid strenuous exercise or eating lots of high sodium or potassium foods prior to going outdoors, which increase carbon dioxide release).Avoid applying chemicals that attract biting insects (e.g., floral-scented perfumes, scented sunscreens, dryer-sheet-scented clothes).Where possible, apply DEET-containing repellent to clothes rather than to skin.Apply DEET in a well-ventilated area.Avoid applying DEET to hands, the face, or any injured or sensitive skin.Avoid behaviors that will lessen the duration of DEET effectiveness (e.g., perspiration, rain, mixing with sunscreens).When you come indoors, wash off DEET-containing products using warm, soapy water.

M2A1 - Q3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

M2A1 - Q3 - Essay Example In the case of inflation, an organization can undergo a huge loss since the manufacturing cost will be affected. In the same case, the government issues out regulatory restriction against a certain product. If the government burns a trade of a certain product, it means that the organization will have to dispose of and undergo loss. Regional conflict also will affect the market status in that; individual will not be willing to shop from a certain communities businesses (Newton, 2011). Organization culture affects the progress of the company. Organization whose employees work under different culture collapses latter. In order to manage culture, a leader must make the culture a priority. This can be achieved by uniting, refocusing and regrouping the workers to have a team and winning environment. The leader should also change the negative energy to a positive one. This can be done by utilizing the challenges at hand and complains to generate new ideas, path of success and innovation (Newton, 2011). The leaders should also meet with the company and share the vision and fiscal status to ensure that everything is handled before it becomes a challenge. Leaders should share a positive vision to employees and ensure that each person in the organization understands and rally around a vision. This will ensure employee motivation since they will fell as if they are attached and also are part of the company and be motivated to work and achieve the visions (Gordon, 2014). In conclusion, the continuity and progress of the organization is in the hands of the leaders. Leaders should be conversant with the leadership strategies, which can bring about organizational motivations. Despite the variables available, leaders should be able to use the leadership strategies to ensure organization’s progress and

Future of HCIs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Future of HCIs - Essay Example On the other hand, linguistics deals with the development of machines and human languages and the link between these phenomena. As computers become common in culture, designers are progressively looking for ways to make interfacing with these devices to be easy, harmless and more effective. By 2020, computer users are expected to interrogate machines. Moreover, computers are anticipated to form the primary part of these interactions since there will be new rules of association with machines that will in turn grow into â€Å"techno-dependency†. Even though papers will still be used in the future, digital paper will also flourish thereby giving room for creativity, for instance, social network magazines will form part of real time interaction. Digital storage of even more features of people’s lives, from a mobile handset calls to CCTV recordings, could be a reality in the future. Additionally, wider network coverage will mean secrecy will be a key emphasis of the HCI community. Human "digital footprint", that is, the sharing of more aspects of people’s lives through digital photography, blogging, podcasting and video, is set to get bigger, and this will raise crucial questions about how much information we should store about

Jesus and Mohammad Essay Example for Free

Jesus and Mohammad Essay Religion is the food for the soul, a type of food that never spoils or depreciates. It is the vessel of life, a vessel that is unbreakable and never shudders even from the most destructive outside force. It is the cup of morality, the one that shapes our character and personality. With these different views, one can say that religion is an important aspect of one’s life. It constitutes and contributes to the spiritual well-being of an individual, which is faced today with different options regarding their religion of choice. There are Methodists, Protestants, Muslims, Roman Catholics, and more. However, the two most influential and widespread religion are Islam and Christianity. Christianity is believed to be founded by Jesus Christ, the redeemer of humanity. The beliefs of Christians, which are also shared by Roman Catholics, are summarized in a doctrine called the Nicene Creed. In general, Christians believe in the Holy Trinity, that there are three superior beings: God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit. Believers of this religion grew up with teachings about the creation of the world by God in seven days, the fall of Adam and Eve, the reincarnation of Jesus Christ, and the redemption of mankind (Walsh, 2005). On the other hand, Islam is considered to be founded by Mohammad or Muhammad. Its followers are called Muslims and they believe in only one God, Allah. They believe that Muhammad is the last prophet and Jesus is only one of them. Just like in Christianity, they also believe in the final judgment to be passed on to the blessed and the damned (Braswell, 2000). To know better the concept of these two religions, it may be helpful if one will look at the historical background of the prominent personalities of Christianity and Islam. Jesus Christ, also known as Jesus of Nazareth and the Messiah, was the child of Mary and Joseph and born in the humble stable of Bethlehem during the reign of Augustus. The famous Nativity is described as the birth of Jesus where he was visited by the shepherds and the three kings to give their offerings. He is said to be born without original sin and is said to save humankind from sins. One of the most prominent incidences during his childhood years is when he and his parents visited Jerusalem for the feast of Passover. It was during this time that he was lost for several days and nights, and was found by his parents in the temple teaching about the Word of God. After the incident, Jesus made subsequent visits to Jerusalem allowing him to see how corrupted religion was and the need to reform both its doctrine and practice during that time. He performed miracles and taught the Word of God through fables. Most of his teachings focused on the kingdom of God, how God loves mankind, and how God forgives people when they ask. He became well known and was praised by many people. This caught the attention of the Roman governors and the scribes, who ordered his execution when Jesus claimed that he was God. He was tortured, crucified, and died on the cross. After three days, he resurrected from the dead and ascended to heaven. Thus, it marks the start of the salvation of humankind (Stalker, 2009). Conversely, Mohammad is the most prominent personality in Islam. Mohammad or Mahomet was born in Mecca in 571 during the reign of Khusro Anosharwan. His father was named Abdallah while his mother was named Amina. His father died several days before his birth. He became an orphan when he was six years old. It was during this time that his mother died while they were in a journey to Medina. Abdl al-Muttalib, his grandfather, took care of him but died when he was eight years old. Finally, he was taken care of by his father’s brother, Abd Manaf, who joined Muhammad on a caravan to Syria (Rodinson, 2002). He became a camel driver on their journey from Syria to Arabia but soon established his career as manager of caravans together with the merchants. On his travel, he met numerous people with various nationalities such as Christians, pagans, and Jews. At the age of 25, he married Khadija whose age is 15 years older than him. Throughout his life, he sought for contemplation and solitude by visiting Mecca and the caves in Mount Hira. On one of his visits, he was visited by Angel Gabriel and asked him to proclaim the Word of God. He was reluctant at first but later accepted that he was the messenger of God after receiving support from Khadija and subsequent visitations of angel. His teachings include worshipping Allah, repenting from evil, and truth about materialism and immortality. He did not perform miracles but only taught what he received. At the start of his struggle as a prophet, he had only 40 followers, who experienced prosecution because his teachings were said to be a great threat to the Meccan life. However, good news came that there was a small group of people supporting his movement in Yathrib, later called Medina. He established his teachings in Medina and began a movement to reclaim his former land, Mecca. After several battles, he regained Mecca and the entire Meccan population was converted to Islam. He returned to Medina in 632 where he died but Islam had already conquered most of Arabia (â€Å"Life†, 2010). The death of both personalities brought immense impact in their respective religion. Without the death of Jesus, Christianity will not be born. It was through his death that Christianity flourished as his apostles began to preach his word across the nation (Ermatinger, 2007). His death became the heart of Christian faith as it became a proof of God’s love for mankind. â€Å"For God so loved the world that He gave us his one and only son that whoever believes in Him will not perish but have eternal life† (John 3:16 New King James Version, 1985). His death allowed people to become closer to God. In addition, his death followed by his resurrection allowed man to have new hope. The first book of Peter stated that: â€Å"Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who according to His great mercy has caused us to be born again to a living hope through the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead, to obtain an inheritance which is imperishable and undefiled and will not fade away, reserved in heaven for you† (1 Peter 1:3-4 New King James Version, 1985). The death of Muhammad also allowed Islam to spread. It now extends on both sides of the earth reaching the Atlantic on the other side then reaching the borders of China on the other. The success of the spread of Islam can be attributed to the works of the caliphs, Muhammad’s successor with great political and military abilities (â€Å"Life†, 2010). However, the death of Muhammad brought conflict to the Muslims. Debates conjured and are present up to these days whether leadership must be placed upon Muhammad’s direct descendants (according to Shia) or upon the caliphs (according to Sunni) (â€Å"Comparison†, n. . ). In Christianity, the life of Jesus was celebrated starting from his birth up to his death and resurrection. The birth of Jesus is commemorated by Christians every 25 December and is marked by the giving of gifts and sharing of love. Before this day comes, Christians celebrate the season of Advent to prepare their hearts for his coming. His death and suffering are also commemorated by Christians through the season of Lent. During this season, people subject themselves to fasting and reconciliation of their sins. Moreover, Jesus, which is one of the Holy Trinity, is worshipped by most people through the celebration of the Holy Eucharist every Sunday. Unlike Christians, Muslims do not worship Muhammad. They only view him as the last messenger of God but worship Allah alone (â€Å"Comparison†, n. d. ). Even after the death of Jesus and Muhammad, their words and preaching continuously spread. In Christianity, there is the Bible. Bible comes from the word â€Å"biblos† which means book. It is the compilation of the works of prophets recounting the good deeds and mercy of God on humankind. The bible is also divided into two testaments: the Old and the New. The Old Testament, which consists of 39 books, contains the writings of the Jewish people that reflect their philosophy through literary compositions such as hymns and songs (Weatherall, 2009). The New Testament, on the other hand, is a collection of 27 books that provide a significant influence on Christianity and is recognized as a Sacred Scripture by the Christian Church. Included in this part of the bible is the so-called â€Å"Fourfold Gospels† written by Gospel writers with the books of Mathew and Mark recounting the biographies of Jesus Christ (Achtemeier, Green and Thompson, 2001). In Islam, the means of spreading the word of Muhammad is through the Qur’an or Koran. Its contents are revealed to Muhammad in stages for 23 years. It is considered as the holy book of the Muslims where the revelation part is intended to correct the error found in the Old and New Testaments. It has 114 chapters but is divided into 30 parts called juz. During Ramadan, the Muslims read one juz per day until they complete the whole month celebration (â€Å"Qur’an†, 2009). In conclusion, the two most influential religions in the present society have their own similarities and differences. Despite these, what is more important is how people respect and follow the doctrines of their religions. It does not matter whether he or she is a Christian or a Muslim. What matters most is how that people work themselves to build a life of morality and treasures in heaven and not on earth.

Poe - A perfect Plan of Guilt :: essays research papers

Revenge is sweet and guilt it torture. Montresor decides to dabble between revenge and guilt and ultimately learns that revenge has consumed him. This can be seen when Montresor is aware of the suffering that Fortunato is feeling as he begins killing him. The compassion that Montresor feels is coupled with guilt from the murder he committed. These feelings make Montresor’s perfect plan of revenge lead to a lifetime of guilt. Revenge has a thin line which can easily be crossed when the revenge no longer fits the crime. Montresor speaks of this during the first paragraph when he states â€Å"I must not only punish, but punish with impunity† (Poe 141). He wants to be exempt from harm as well as from guilt. This would make the revenge sweet, or satisfying. Montresor comments on a satisfying revenge at the end of the first paragraph by saying â€Å"A wrong is unredressed when retribution overtakes its redresser. It is equally unredressed when the avenger fails to make himself felt as such to him who has done the wrong" (141). Montresor means that revenge must be satisfying, but can not consume himself. He can not step over this line and commit a crime himself. This act will cause guilt upon the avenger and eliminate any satisfying feeling that he might have received from the revenge. Montresor begins to be overtaken by his retribution almost immediately. His fascination with deception is his weak point. Montresor plans a revenge that would satisfy him for the insults that have been committed against him. While doing so he wants to be stealthy and states â€Å"it must be understood that neither by word nor deed had I given Fortunato cause to doubt my good will† (141) He continues to deceive Fortunato by lying to him about the pipe of Amontillado and playing on his nature of a wine connoisseurship. Montresor would say â€Å"I have my doubts† (142) knowing that Fortunato would only become more motivated to taste the Amontillado and tell of its authenticity. It is this deception that he becomes carried away with. This becomes a game for Montresor. He uses Fortunato as a pawn, and plays each move very carefully. While Montresor has become fatally involved in his plan of revenge he still has not forgotten that Fortunato is a friend. When they are ready to go to the vaults, Montresor shows concern for Fortunato’s health.

Reflective essy

Self-reflection essay I remember first arriving in Haiti. The blast of heat stepping off the plane, cramming onto a mini school bus, and staring out the windows at the outskirts of Cap Haitian and the rural road to Milot. â€Å"I'm in Haiti†¦ † , I kept telling myself, trying to absorb all that I was seeing. The landscape, the way people live here, the norms of this culture were so different from anything I had seen before. We walked the streets of Milot that first day and I strongly recall the uncomfortable feeling of all eyes on us, the trash and the pigs in the rivers, and the children crying, â€Å"Blan!Blan! † as we walked past. It's funny what happens after youVe been in a place for a while. It ceases to be constantly foreign and overwhelming. I no longer see only abject poverty out the windows or while we walk through villages. I notice the details, walls painted bright blue, yellow, red, the heart design carved out of brick that make up the windows of every home, the bright red hibiscus flowers and cacti that form walls around each familys plot of land. When I walk through Milot now I expect people to stare, why wouldn't they?I say â€Å"bonjou† to them and smile, and get a â€Å"bonjou† and a smile ack. I look for the goat babies we pass on our runs, and am always comforted by the mountains surrounding this little town. Haiti is poor, yes, and I am reminded of that every day, but there is so much more to it than that. I wrote the above two paragraphs in my blog a little over a month into my trip to Haiti this summer. They sum up my feeling of becoming part of a place, as much as an American medical student can become part of a small Haitian town in 7 weeks. I had a truly amazing, fulfilling, and personally enriching experience.My first learning objective was, â€Å"to ain confidence in applying the clinical skills I have learned thus far, through working with patients every day. † I became very comfortable workin g through an interpreter, as this was the only way to communicate with every patient I interacted with. I had a lot of practice in conducting patient interviews, performing a targeted physical exam, and taking vitals. This opportunity was an amazing way to remember and fine tune all the skills I learned in medical interviewing, physical diagnosis, and CAP.Interviewing patients who speak English will seem a lot easier in comparison. My second learning objective was, â€Å"to learn how to ask public health questions and carry out meaningful research to improve the health of a population. † About half of our time in Haiti was dedicated to conducting a public health project. This was an incredible learning experience even before leaving the US. Three of us and our physician mentor applied for three IRB approvals as a group. That required a lot of research, teamwork, and delegation.We were able to get approval before leaving for Haiti, which let us hit the ground running. We spent about 2 days a week in small illages around Milot, working with translators and going door to door to interview women, or meeting large groups of midwives in village clinics. This experience was a true test of my patience and ability to put my type A, â€Å"get things done now' personality aside. Vans were always late to pick us up, the translators weren't high quality, and there were myriad miscommunications between us and the volunteer coordinator.Nevertheless, we managed to ge interviews conducted. I strongly believe that as a result of our research, positive developments will happen in Milot. This was a rewarding and challenging experience and even more ducational than I thought it would be going into it. My third learning objective was, â€Å"to strengthen my teamwork skills by working closely and effectively with other medical professionals. † I think my teamwork skills were honed best through working with two other students on our public health project.We all learned how to compromise, how to put our opinions forward effectively, and how to cede to other's opinions. We spent a lot of time and mental energy with each other without ever getting angry. There were times when we'd get frustrated with each other, but we were able to talk about it and move on. All seven of us students spent 2417 with each other for seven weeks and our collective ability to work together, to pick each other up when we were down, and to have fun together was like nothing IVe ever experienced.My final learning objective was, â€Å"to improve my communication skills and cultural competence while working with patients and other health care professionals with varied backgrounds and beliefs. † Of all my learning questions, this was perhaps the most important and the most difficult to successfully achieve. It will be a work in progress for my entire career, which is something I didn't really nderstand until this trip. It's not easy to put oneself, with one's own backgr ound, beliefs, and culturally created personality into another's shoes completely.It's also difficult to understand a culture so far removed from your own. Although I say it's difficult, I spent every single day in Haiti trying to improve my ability to do so. From working with doctors who often worked at a pace that made it seem as though they didn't care about their patients, to waiting for 3 hours for a late ride to a village, to the miscommunications that occurred frequently, every day was a conscious effort to nderstand the culture in which I found myself.Finally, I always heard about how hard it is to deal with the dysfunctional systems in third world countries, and I thought I understood. It's a whole different level of understanding when you see what that means on an individual human level in the eyes of the patients in front of you. And you are helpless to change the system. My time in Haiti I will remember, learn from, and be glad I did for the rest of my life. The things I learned, the relationships I made, and the experiences I had in those seven weeks would take a book to write down and do Justice to.

High availability Essay

In the advent of the computer age, the growth of the internet has also necessitated the development of technologies that are not only able to cope with the demands of users but also within the limitations of current hardware. With multitasking having evolved into the norm, the availability of media and applications online has made it increasingly important to provide  high availability (Marcus 2003). The mission-critical applications that have surfaced on the internet have placed added pressure to make sure that highly available services are always ready. As such, this brief discourse will attempt to discuss the current state of high availability technology as well as any recent trends or variations that have surfaced. High Availability, as the term suggests, refers to systems or instruments in information technology that are not only continuously available but also continuously operational for long periods of time (Marcus 2003). The term availability is used to refer to the access that the users or members of user community have to the system. This type of access or ability can include anything from uploading files, to changing entries, updating works or even just scanning previous works (Marcus 2003). The failure to access the system results in downtime or unavailability. An example of this would be the manner by which community users like to be able to use Facebook to chat, watch videos, update links and upload pictures all at the same time. With a network that has Low Availability, the users will occasionally experience failures with regard to logging in or accessing different functions of the website because of the necessary downtime for system updating and maintenance (Ulrick 2010). This downtime can be prejudicial for a website or an internet application because it reduces the desirability of the technology. With the pressure on to provide complete and persistent accessibility, companies have tried to achieve the optimum â€Å"100% operational† or â€Å"never failing† Availability Status . One way of providing almost constant availability (High Availability) is by creating clusters. These computer systems or networks consist of several pieces that act as back-ups or failover processing mechanism that store data and allow for access. This includes the Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) or the Storage Area Network (SAN), which are used as back up storage devices to ensure constant availability (Marcus 2003). These systems, however, are constantly evolving and changing depending on the technology that is available and developed such as systems that have solid membership administration, consistent group communication sub-systems, quoram sub-systems, and even concurrent control sub-systems, among others. By creating a clustered computer system or network, backups are created in the form of redundancies for both hardware and software. This is achieved by forming or grouping several independent nodes with each of them simultaneously running a copy of the operating system (OS) and the application software (Marcus 2003). Whenever there is a failure in any of the nodes or when daemon failures occur, the system can quickly be reconfigured and the existing workload is then passed on to the other available or functional nodes within the cluster. Thus, there is always, theoretically, one system that is available and running to handle the services and access for the user community. It was reported in 1996 that the lost revenue and productivity due to downtime amounted to over US$ 4. 54 billion for American businesses alone (IBM 1998). As such, High availability has been consistently upgrading and evolving to be able to address this issue. The recent development include the creation of High Availability Clusters (HA Clusters or Failover Clusters). The concept of this is that it provides greater High Availability by operating several computer clusters at the same time. While this applies the same concept as High Availability, it attempts to create several failover systems and clusters that cater to this. It does, however, retain the same concept of constant monitoring to make sure that the systems are running as programmed and as planned. Recent research in this field has shown that there is also a diminishing return principle that can be applied. Up until recently, it was thought that by creating an expansive network and creating several clusters, the availability could be increased proportionally. However, there are findings that show that High Availability decreases when there are more components that are added to the system. This means that instead of improving the process it is instead undermined by the installation of additional components. The reason for this, according to Chee-Wei Ang, is that the more complex a system the more potential failures arise (Ang 2007). Since there are more systems to monitor, it becomes more difficult to point out exactly where the problem is. This can be compared to a complicated plumbing system wherein it becomes difficult to find the source of the leak. Though it has been argued by experts that a number of highly available systems utilize a simple design architecture which features high quality multipurpose systems. Yet even with this, it cannot ignore the basic fact that theses systems still require constant upgrading, patching and maintenance. The recent developments in this field include the creation of more advanced systems designs that streamline and facilitate the maintenance of systems without the need for compromising the availability. This has been achieved by doing load balancing and more advanced failover techniques. It is admitted, however, that while there are several developments, like all hardware devices these systems are also prone to human error and typical wear and tear which cannot be avoided though their effects can be mitigated by the introduction of more effective and efficient means.

The 18th Amendment Began the Era of Prohibition

The 18th Amendment Began the Era of Prohibition The 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution banned the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol, which began the era of  Prohibition. Ratified on Jan. 16, 1919, the 18th Amendment was repealed by the 21st Amendment on Dec. 5, 1933. In the over 200 years of U.S. Constitutional Law, the 18th Amendment remains the only amendment to ever have been repealed.   The 18th Amendment Key Takeaways The 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution banned the manufacture and distribution of alcohol (known as Prohibition), on Jan. 16, 1919.  The major force behind Prohibition was 150 years of pressure by the Temperance Movement, combined with the ideals of the early 20th century Progressive Movement.The result was the destruction of an entire industry, including loss of jobs and tax revenue, and general lawlessness as people openly flaunted the law.  The Great Depression was an instrumental reason for its repeal.  The 21st Amendment repealing the 18th was ratified in December 1933, the only amendment ever to be repealed. Text of the 18th Amendment Section 1. After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited. Section 2. The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress. Proposal of the 18th Amendment   The road to national prohibition was riddled with a plethora of states laws that mirrored a national sentiment for temperance. Of the states that already had bans on manufacturing and distributing alcohol, very few had sweeping successes as a result, but the 18th Amendment sought to remedy this.   On August 1, 1917, the U.S. Senate passed a resolution detailing a version of the above three sections to be presented to states for ratification. The vote passed 65 to 20 with Republicans voting 29 in favor and 8 in opposition while the Democrats voted 36 to 12.   On December 17, 1917, the U.S. House of Representatives voted in favor of a revised resolution 282 to 128, with Republicans voting 137 to 62 and Democrats voting 141 to 64. Additionally, four independents voted for and two against it. The Senate approved this revised version the next day with a vote of 47 to 8 where it then went on to the States for ratification. Ratification of the 18th Amendment The 18th Amendment was ratified on January 16, 1919, in Washington, D.C. with Nebraskas for vote pushing the amendment over the required 36 states needed to approve the bill. Of the 48 states in the U.S. at the time (Hawaii and Alaska became states in the U.S. in 1959), only Connecticut and Rhode Island rejected the amendment, though New Jersey did not ratify it until three years later in 1922.   The National Prohibition Act was written to define the language and execution of the amendment and despite President Woodrow Wilsons attempt to veto the act, Congress and the Senate overrode his veto and set the start date for prohibition in the United States to January 17, 1920, the earliest date allowed by the 18th Amendment.   The Temperance Movement Temperance Parade. Chicago History Museum/Getty Images At the time of its passage, the 18th Amendment was the culmination of well over a century of activity by members of the temperance movement- people who wanted the total abolishment of alcohol. In the mid-19th century in the United States and elsewhere, the rejection of alcohol began as a religious movement, but it never gained traction: The revenue from the alcohol industry was phenomenal even then. As the new century turned, however, so did the focus of the temperance leadership.   Temperance became a platform of the Progressive Movement, a political and cultural movement that was a reaction to the Industrial Revolution. The Progressives wanted to clean up slums, end child labor, enforce shorter working hours, improve working conditions for people in factories, and stop excessive drinking. Banning alcohol, they felt, would protect the family, aid personal success, and reduce or eliminate crime and poverty.   The leaders of the movement were in the Anti-Saloon League of America, who, allied with the Womens Christian Temperance Union mobilized the Protestant churches and obtained major funding from businessmen and the corporate elite. Their activities were instrumental in achieving the two-thirds majority needed in both houses to initiate what would become the 18th Amendment.   The Volstead Act   The original wording of the 18th amendment barred the manufacture, sale, transportation, and exportation of intoxicating beverages, but it didnt define what intoxicating meant. Many of the people who supported the 18th amendment believed that the real problem was saloons and that drinking was acceptable in respectable settings.  The 18th amendment didnt prohibit imports (the Webb-Kenyon Act of 1913 did that) but Webb-Kenyon only enforced the imports when it was illegal in the receiving states. At first, people who wanted alcohol could get it semi-legally and safely.   But the Volstead Act, which was passed by Congress and then came into effect on January 16, 1920, defined the intoxicating level at .05 percent alcohol by volume. The utilitarian arm of the temperance movement wanted to ban saloons and control alcohol production: People believed their own drinking was blameless, but it was bad for everyone else and the society at large. The Volstead Act made that untenable: If you wanted alcohol, you now had to get it illegally.   The Volstead Act also created the first Prohibition Unit, in which men and women were hired at the federal level to serve as prohibition agents. Consequences of the 18th Amendment   The result of the combined 18th Amendment and the Volstead Act was economic devastation in the liquor industry. In 1914, there were 318 wineries, in 1927 there were 27. Liquor wholesalers were cut by 96 percent, and the number of legal retailers by 90 percent. Between 1919 and 1929, tax revenue from distilled spirits dropped from $365 million to under $13 million; revenues from fermented liquors went from $117 million to virtually nothing.   Bans on liquor importation and exportation crippled American ocean liners who were competing with other countries. Farmers lost the legal market of their crops to distilleries. Its not that the framers didnt realize that they would be losing the tax revenue they got from the alcohol industry (not to mention job loss and raw material market loss): They simply believed after World War I that prosperity and economic growth would be adequately bolstered by the gains of the Progressive movement, including doing away with alcohol, to overcome any initial costs.   Bootlegging   Marcia Frost One main consequence of the 18th Amendment was the steep  increase in smuggling and bootlegging- massive quantities of alcohol were smuggled out of Canada or made in small stills. There was no funding provided in the 18th Amendment for federal policing or prosecuting drink-related crimes. Although the Volstead Act created the first federal Prohibition Units, it didnt really become effective at the national level until 1927. State courts became clogged with alcohol-related cases.   When voters recognized that even near beer productions by the limping alcohol manufacturers Coors, Miller, and Anheuser Busch were now not legally accessible, tens of millions of people refused to obey the law. Illegal operations to manufacture alcohol and speakeasies to distribute it were rife. Juries would often not convict bootleggers, who were seen as Robin Hood figures. Despite the level of overall criminality, the mass violations by the public created lawlessness and a widespread disrespect for the law.   Rise of the Mafia   The opportunities for making money in the bootlegging business were not lost on organized crime in the United States. As legitimate alcohol businesses closed, the Mafia and other gangs took control of its production and sale. These became sophisticated criminal enterprises that reaped huge profits from the illicit liquor trade.   The Mafia were protected by crooked police and politicians who were bribed to look the other way. The most notorious of the Mafia dons was Chicagos Al Capone, who earned an estimated $60 million annually from his bootlegging and speakeasy operations. Income from bootlegging flowed into the old vices of gambling and prostitution, and the resulting widespread criminality and violence added to the growing demand for repeal. Although there were arrests during the 1920s, the Mafias lock on bootlegging was only successfully broken by repeal. Support for Repeal The growth of support for the repeal of the 18th amendment had everything to do with the promises of the Progressive movement balanced with the devastation of the Great Depression.   But even before the stock market crash in 1929, the Progressive reform movement, which had seemed so idyllic in its plan for a healthier society, lost credibility. The Anti-Saloon League insisted on zero tolerance and aligned itself with distasteful elements such as the Ku Klux Klan. Young people saw progressive reform as a suffocating status quo. Many prominent officials warned about the consequences of lawlessness: Herbert Hoover made it a central plank on his successful bid for the presidency in 1928. A year after the stock market crashed, six million men were out of work; in the first three years after the crash, an average of 100,000 workers were fired every week. The politicians who had argued that progressivism would bring prosperity were now held responsible for the depression.   By the early 1930s, the same corporate and religious elite people who supported the establishment of the 18th Amendment now lobbied for its repeal. One of the first was Standard Oils John D. Rockefeller, Jr., a major financial supporter of the 18th Amendment. On the night before the 1932 Republican convention, Rockefeller said that he now supported repeal of the Amendment, despite being a teetotaler on principle.   Repeal of the 18th Amendment After Rockefeller, many other businessmen signed on, saying that the benefits of prohibition were far outweighed by the costs. There was a growing socialist movement in the country, and people were organizing into unions: The elite businessmen including Pierre Du Pont of Du Pont manufacturing and Alfred P. Sloan Jr. of General Motors were frankly terrified.   The political parties were more cautious: Both were for Resubmission of the 18th amendment to the states and if the popular vote agreed, they would move to repeal it. But they were split on who would receive economic benefits. The Republicans wanted liquor control to lie with the federal government, while the Democrats wanted it returned to the states. In 1932, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Jr. quietly endorsed repeal: His main promises for the presidency were balanced budgets and fiscal integrity. After he won and the Democrats swept in with him in December 1933, the lame-duck 72nd Congress reconvened and the Senate voted to submit the 21st Amendment to state conventions. The House approved it in February. In March 1933, Roosevelt asked Congress to modify the Volstead Act to allow 3.2 percent near beer and in April it was legal in most of the country. FDR had two cases shipped to the White House. On Dec. 5, 1933, Utah became the 36th state to ratify the 21st Amendment, and the 18th Amendment was repealed.   Sources Blocker Jr., Jack S. Did Prohibition Really Work? Alcohol Prohibition as a Public Health Innovation. American Journal of Public Health 96.2 (2006): 233–43. Print.Bourdreaux, Donald J., and A.C. Pritchard. The Price of Prohibition. Arizona Law Review 36 (1994). Print.Dietler, Michael. Alcohol: Anthropological/Archaeological Perspectives. Annual Review of Anthropology 35.1 (2006): 229–49. Print.Levine, Harry Gene. The Birth of American Alcohol Control: Prohibition, the Power Elite, and the Problem of Lawlessness. Contemporary Drug Problems 12 (1985): 63–115. Print.Miron, Jeffrey A., and Jeffrey Zwiebel. Alcohol Consumption During Prohibition. The American Economic Review 81.2 (1991): 242–47. Print.Webb, Holland. Temperance Movements and Prohibition. International Social Science Review 74.1/2 (1999): 61–69. Print.

Body Shop Proposal

A. This is because they choose to focus on targeting working adults which is leaned towards a mature image and does not appeals to teens. B. They will lose the potential to increase their sales volume if this continues. II. There are three main possible themes that we would like to propose. A. Firstly, â€Å"Fire† will be emphasising on the strong yet feminine aspects of the product. B. Secondly, â€Å"Earth† will bring attention on the environmentally-friendly nature of the products C. And lastly, the â€Å"Air† theme showcases the comfort level of the products. D. This is a proposal for an advertisement spread in Seventeen selling The Body Shop Bath Body products. ?There is a choice of three themes for the campaign, â€Å"Fire†, â€Å"Earth†, and â€Å"Water†. The recommended products for the 4-ad campaign are to be bath shower gel, body lotion, body butter, and body scrub. P2: Potential (3 paras) I. The Body Shop is currently lacking of advertisement directed to teenagers. A. For a cosmetics retail company, The Body Shop noticeably lacks of photographs of models with beautiful hair and perfect skin, which would attract attention of teenagers. B. Currently, The Body Shop is targeting working adults and the advertisement that they made is leaned more towards a mature image. This image does not appeal to teenagers. II. The Body Shop does not appeal to teenagers and in doing so, it loses a huge number of potential customers. A. Teenagers are not attracted to The Body Shop because of a lack of celebrity representation. B. With the lack of advertisement, targeted audience will not be encourage to trial purchase, brand switch and develop brand loyalty towards The Body Shop. III. Sales would be greatly boosted if The Body Shop were able to appeal to teenagers. A. The Body Shop will be able to maximise it’s profits because Singaporeans teenagers aged 15-19 are very willing to spend money on body products. B. Products such as body products could easily allow the consumer to develop brand loyalty towards the brand because they would have develop a habit for using our brand’s product. This results in repeated purchases and promotes sales in long term. P3: Possibilities (3 paras) I. The first theme, â€Å"Fire† theme will emphasize the strong yet feminine aspects of the product. A. â€Å"Fire† will pitch the products in a sexy yet elegant way, appealing to girls who want to be seen as confident and independent women. B. For example, in the Body butter advertisement, we can feature a model clad in only lingerie and high heels and applying body butter on her body. This would suggest that one would feel confident with their body after using our products. The main colour of this advertisement will be red, black and white to give off a Parisian feel, which represents elegance, yet at the same time emphasizes on the fiery and bold aspects of the theme. II. The second theme, â€Å"Earth† will focus attention on the environmentally friendly nature of the products. A. Products would come across as environmental and relaxing under the â€Å"Earth† theme and would appeal to both males and females because it makes them feel comfortable. B. The advertisement for bath shower gel portray a model unwinding in a bathtub full of soapy water, implying that she had just used the product and suggest that one would feel relaxed after using the product. The background of this advertisement could be a natural setting filled with trees and plants to emphasize on the nature aspects of the theme. III. The third theme, the â€Å"Air† theme, will showcase the comfort level of the products. A. Under the â€Å"Air† theme, products would be pitch as simple yet lasting comfort, appealing to both genders because of the theme’s purity and freshness. B. One example of a body lotion advertisement under the â€Å"Air† theme is to do a compare and contrast of a model who applied the body lotion in the morning and the same model looking energetic and fresh at night to represent the lasting effects and the comfort level can be seen through the model’s cheerful appearance. The advertisement would be in pastel colours to emphasize on the theme’s purity. P4: Proposal (3 paras) I. We have decided to go with the â€Å"Earth† theme because it highlights the key feature of our product and will be effective in attracting our target audience’s interest. A. The Body Shop unique selling point is being environmentally friendly and it is also what the audience associate The Body Shop with. By going along with this theme, audience are able to identify The Body Shop because our concept will be consistent. B. B. Our target audience have a very hectic lifestyle and by portraying a product, which comes across as relaxing to them is a very feasible idea because it is what the target audience need and that is also what they are looking for. This will thus increase sales of the products. II. We have rejected the â€Å"Fire† theme because it doesn’t specifically appeals to our target audiences. A. The â€Å"Fire† theme might seem over-mature to our target audiences and they would not want to be associated with such image. B. The â€Å"Fire† theme might also be inappropriate and clashes with The Body Shop image because The Body Shop has always emphasize that beauty can be achieve even without baring a lot of skin. II. We have also rejected the â€Å"Air† theme because it’s concept is very common in Body products. A. The concept of comfort in a body product is not unique and thus, would not be effective in attracting the targeted audience as it doesn’t stand out. B. Audiences are easily able to find cheaper alternatives with the same benefits. *Total number of paras: 11 (do not create any more paragraphs†¦ it’s 11, no more, no fewer) Body Shop Proposal A. This is because they choose to focus on targeting working adults which is leaned towards a mature image and does not appeals to teens. B. They will lose the potential to increase their sales volume if this continues. II. There are three main possible themes that we would like to propose. A. Firstly, â€Å"Fire† will be emphasising on the strong yet feminine aspects of the product. B. Secondly, â€Å"Earth† will bring attention on the environmentally-friendly nature of the products C. And lastly, the â€Å"Air† theme showcases the comfort level of the products. D. This is a proposal for an advertisement spread in Seventeen selling The Body Shop Bath Body products. ?There is a choice of three themes for the campaign, â€Å"Fire†, â€Å"Earth†, and â€Å"Water†. The recommended products for the 4-ad campaign are to be bath shower gel, body lotion, body butter, and body scrub. P2: Potential (3 paras) I. The Body Shop is currently lacking of advertisement directed to teenagers. A. For a cosmetics retail company, The Body Shop noticeably lacks of photographs of models with beautiful hair and perfect skin, which would attract attention of teenagers. B. Currently, The Body Shop is targeting working adults and the advertisement that they made is leaned more towards a mature image. This image does not appeal to teenagers. II. The Body Shop does not appeal to teenagers and in doing so, it loses a huge number of potential customers. A. Teenagers are not attracted to The Body Shop because of a lack of celebrity representation. B. With the lack of advertisement, targeted audience will not be encourage to trial purchase, brand switch and develop brand loyalty towards The Body Shop. III. Sales would be greatly boosted if The Body Shop were able to appeal to teenagers. A. The Body Shop will be able to maximise it’s profits because Singaporeans teenagers aged 15-19 are very willing to spend money on body products. B. Products such as body products could easily allow the consumer to develop brand loyalty towards the brand because they would have develop a habit for using our brand’s product. This results in repeated purchases and promotes sales in long term. P3: Possibilities (3 paras) I. The first theme, â€Å"Fire† theme will emphasize the strong yet feminine aspects of the product. A. â€Å"Fire† will pitch the products in a sexy yet elegant way, appealing to girls who want to be seen as confident and independent women. B. For example, in the Body butter advertisement, we can feature a model clad in only lingerie and high heels and applying body butter on her body. This would suggest that one would feel confident with their body after using our products. The main colour of this advertisement will be red, black and white to give off a Parisian feel, which represents elegance, yet at the same time emphasizes on the fiery and bold aspects of the theme. II. The second theme, â€Å"Earth† will focus attention on the environmentally friendly nature of the products. A. Products would come across as environmental and relaxing under the â€Å"Earth† theme and would appeal to both males and females because it makes them feel comfortable. B. The advertisement for bath shower gel portray a model unwinding in a bathtub full of soapy water, implying that she had just used the product and suggest that one would feel relaxed after using the product. The background of this advertisement could be a natural setting filled with trees and plants to emphasize on the nature aspects of the theme. III. The third theme, the â€Å"Air† theme, will showcase the comfort level of the products. A. Under the â€Å"Air† theme, products would be pitch as simple yet lasting comfort, appealing to both genders because of the theme’s purity and freshness. B. One example of a body lotion advertisement under the â€Å"Air† theme is to do a compare and contrast of a model who applied the body lotion in the morning and the same model looking energetic and fresh at night to represent the lasting effects and the comfort level can be seen through the model’s cheerful appearance. The advertisement would be in pastel colours to emphasize on the theme’s purity. P4: Proposal (3 paras) I. We have decided to go with the â€Å"Earth† theme because it highlights the key feature of our product and will be effective in attracting our target audience’s interest. A. The Body Shop unique selling point is being environmentally friendly and it is also what the audience associate The Body Shop with. By going along with this theme, audience are able to identify The Body Shop because our concept will be consistent. B. B. Our target audience have a very hectic lifestyle and by portraying a product, which comes across as relaxing to them is a very feasible idea because it is what the target audience need and that is also what they are looking for. This will thus increase sales of the products. II. We have rejected the â€Å"Fire† theme because it doesn’t specifically appeals to our target audiences. A. The â€Å"Fire† theme might seem over-mature to our target audiences and they would not want to be associated with such image. B. The â€Å"Fire† theme might also be inappropriate and clashes with The Body Shop image because The Body Shop has always emphasize that beauty can be achieve even without baring a lot of skin. II. We have also rejected the â€Å"Air† theme because it’s concept is very common in Body products. A. The concept of comfort in a body product is not unique and thus, would not be effective in attracting the targeted audience as it doesn’t stand out. B. Audiences are easily able to find cheaper alternatives with the same benefits. *Total number of paras: 11 (do not create any more paragraphs†¦ it’s 11, no more, no fewer)

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Management - Essay Example In the contemporary business language, that term has been replaced by HRM, while its description has remained the same. Management of people involves such tasks as hiring and adjusting them, assigning them their respective tasks, and addressing their needs. All of these functions are performed by HR department. So, HR function has a cardinal role to play in the management of people within an organization. What is the role of the first line supervisor or manager in managing people within an organization? First line managers in an organization have a direct interaction with the workers that practically work in the field. First line managers are assigned the responsibility to look after the needs of workers and manage them in the way that would keep the work flowing smoothly. They are directed to do so by the middle managers who are in turn, instructed by the top managers. First line managers make sure that there is sufficient material and equipment available on site, workers are adequa tely allotted their respective tasks, their productivity is up to the mark, they are dropped into and carried from the site without any inconvenience and are provided with food, leave passes and compensation. All of these and such other works are included under the umbrella term of â€Å"management†. As a first line manager looks after all these factors for the workers, he essentially plays a very important role in managing the people within an organization. ... This is what is taken care of by the first line managers. They look after the lowest side of the overall picture so that the progress remains consistent with the strategies of the top managers. Who is responsible for ensuring all HR policies and practices are implemented within the organization? In any organization, the responsibility of ensuring adequate implementation of all HR policies and practices fundamentally rests with the Director of the HR department. The director is supposed to advise the managers regarding various matters of huge significance to the organization. As HR department formulates the strategies, policies and practices to facilitate the work, the HR Director is answerable to the organization owners and/or top managers for their effective implementation and follow up. The director is at the top of the HR department, and is responsible for all actions and activities of the HR department. It is quite reasonable to expect the HR Director to take necessary measures f or adequate implementation of the policies and practices devised by the HR department. Who is responsible for the performance of employees within an organization? In any organization, it is the Human Resource Manager (HRM), who is expected to look after the performance of employees and manage it. Employees perform best when they are satisfied. Employees derive their motivation for work from their satisfaction with various aspects of job. An employee can not be expected to perform adequately unless his/her individualistic concerns are addressed. There are several factors that need to be taken care of in order to keep the employees motivated. These factors include their salary, accommodation, work

Turkey military coup Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Turkey military coup - Essay Example Although the term coup d'etat is associated with military power in the minds of people it is not the sole distinguishing feature of what constitutes a coup d'etat. What is important is a use of deceit and infiltration by a small group of people to gain power and authority of a small but critical segment or sector of the government and thereby assume political control. In this regard, such plans will eventually succeed if the coup plotters gain a critical mass which it can win over to its side, or alternatively, when there is acquiescence or apathy from the population or the greater bulk of the military just stands by and fails to come to the rescue of government resulting in its displacement and eventual surrender to a much smaller force of coup plotters. A lot of political discourse has been generated with the propriety of a coup as well as its repercussions on civil society as a whole. Those who plan, support and carry out a coup are often idealistic people who use their own ideali sm and agenda for reforms as justification. But history likewise showed that those who live by the sword will in turn die by the sword. Discussion History is replete with instances of coups staged mostly by trusted advisers or by those who had gained close access to the centers of power. Their proximity to power made it easier for them to observe the workings and more importantly, the defects and deficiencies of those currently holding power. Coup plotters have plenty of motivations and reasons to seize power that provide justifications for their illegal actions. As previously discussed, the use of military or its close relative which are the paramilitary units, is not a distinguishing feature to correctly define what a coup is. These coup plotters usually enlist the help of the military establishment because it is only the military that has the discipline, expertise, firepower and cohesion that is often needed to succeed in seizing power by sudden and violent means. As they say, mi ght is right. This is what happens when the coup plotters succeed in the plan of toppling an elected government and these people immediately go to great length to try to explain to their people why intervention was necessary. For the military people, the reasons for joining the coup are elaborated upon such as to save the State from its enemies within and without, try to restore order, ensure political stability or some other alibi that will legitimize a trip into governance and intervention in political affairs of the nation (Kieh & Agbese 23). The military establishment of any country provides a crucial component of coups as it provides the muscle whenever necessary for the coup to succeed. In general, the justifications for a coup can be categorized into three, namely: political, social and military unrest. Political reasons may pertain to a failure of the political system like when politicians are incompetent, massive corruption, greed for power, lack of democratic institutions or political squabbles. A social justification is when there is too much power in one person or in one institution only. A good reason might be the lack of genuine freedoms for the people. The military reasons could be interference in purely